ACOG. Practice Bulletin No. 190: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2018.

ACOG. Committee Opinion No. 736: Optimizing Postpartum Care. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2018.

World Health Organization. WHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience, 2016.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). NG201: Pregnancy and Complex Social Factors, 2021.

NICE. NG3: Antenatal Care for Uncomplicated Pregnancy, 2021.

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Green‐top Guideline No. 7: The Investigation and Management of the Small‐for‐Gestational‐Age Fetus, 2014.

RCOG. Green‐top Guideline No. 37a: Reducing the Risk of Preterm Birth, 2019.

Mayo Clinic. “Prenatal Vitamins: Why You Need Them and How to Choose,” online patient resource, 2024.

Mayo Clinic. “Pregnancy Week by Week,” online resource, 2024.

Cleveland Clinic. “Ovulation and Fertility,” online patient education, 2023.

March of Dimes. “Fetal Development: Week by Week,” online resource, 2024.

UpToDate. Section on “Implantation and Early Embryogenesis,” regularly updated monograph.

UpToDate. “Serial β-hCG Monitoring in Early Pregnancy,” monograph.

Endocrine Society. Clinical Practice Guideline on Caffeine Intake in Pregnancy, 2020.

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. “Folic Acid Supplementation for Prevention of Neural Tube Defects,” latest review.

Cochrane Review. “Posture After Insemination for Improving Pregnancy Rates,” 2017.

National Institutes of Health (NIH). MedlinePlus: “Morning Sickness (Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy),” 2024.

NIH Office on Women’s Health. “Prenatal Screening Tests,” online fact sheet, 2024.

American Pregnancy Association. “Melasma in Pregnancy,” patient education article, 2023.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Practice Bulletin No. 202: Early Pregnancy Loss. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2018.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “Steps to Prevent Neural Tube Defects,” 2024.

CDC. “Pregnancy Weight Gain Guidelines,” 2023.

CDC. “Zika Virus and Pregnancy,” 2024.

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). “Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy,” 2022.

Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). “Practice Guidelines: Prenatal Care,” 2021.

International Society for Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG). “Practice Guidelines: First-Trimester Ultrasound,” 2019.

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). “Safe Sleep Recommendations for Infants,” 2023.

American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM). “Hydration in Pregnancy,” clinical bulletin, 2022.

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Scientific Opinion on Caffeine Intake During Pregnancy, 2015.

American Psychological Association (APA). “Stress Management During Pregnancy,” 2024.

Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO). “Cancer Screening in Pregnancy,” clinical practice statement, 2020.

American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). “Prenatal Screening and Diagnostic Tests,” 2023.

National Perinatal Association (NPA). “Carpal Tunnel in Pregnancy,” clinical guideline, 2021.

International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) Group. “Ovarian Reserve Testing and Ovulation Predictors,” 2020.

American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). “Fertility and Conception Position Myths,” patient fact sheet, 2019.

American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). “Chemotherapy and Pregnancy,” educational guide, 2021.

Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG). “Clinical Practice Guidelines: Obstetric Ultrasound,” 2022.

Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS). “Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol,” position statement, 2018.

World Health Organization (WHO). “Recommendations on Postnatal Care of the Mother and Newborn,” 2013.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). “Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Diagnosis and Management,” NICE guideline NG210, 2022.